The use of permethrin (pyrethroid) is an important component in pest control in animals, poultry and urban environments worldwide, probably due to its relatively low toxicity to mammals and high effectiveness against pests 13 . Permethrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has proven effective against a variety of insect pests, including house flies. Pyrethroid insecticides act on voltage-gated sodium channel proteins, disrupting the normal activity of the pore channels, causing repeated firing, paralysis, and ultimately death of the nerves in contact with the insect. Frequent use of permethrin in pest control programs has resulted in widespread resistance in a variety of insects,16,17,18,19, including houseflies20,21. Increased expression of metabolic detoxification enzymes such as glutathione transferases or cytochrome P450, as well as target site insensitivity have been found to be the main mechanisms leading to permethrin resistance22.
If a species incurs adaptive costs by developing insecticide resistance, this will limit the growth of resistance alleles when we increase selection pressure by temporarily stopping the use of certain insecticides or substituting alternative insecticides. Resistant insects will regain their sensitivity. Does not exhibit cross-resistance27,28. Therefore, to successfully manage pests and insecticide resistance, it is critical to better understand insecticide resistance, cross-resistance, and the expression of biological traits of resistant insects. Resistance and cross-resistance to permethrin in house flies has previously been reported in Punjab, Pakistan7,29. However, information on the adaptability of biological traits of house flies is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine biological characteristics and analyze life tables to determine whether differences in fitness exist between permethrin-resistant strains and susceptible strains. These data will help further our understanding of the impact of permethrin resistance in the field and develop resistance management plans.
Changes in the fitness of individual biological traits in a population can help reveal their genetic contribution and predict the future of the population. Insects encounter many stressors during their daily activities in the environment. Exposure to agrochemicals is a stressor, and insects use large amounts of energy to alter genetic, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms in response to these chemicals, sometimes leading to resistance by causing mutations at target sites or producing detoxifying substances. Enzyme 26. Such actions are often costly and may affect the viability of resistant pests27. However, the lack of fitness costs in insecticide-resistant insects may be due to the lack of negative pleiotropic effects associated with resistance alleles42. If none of the resistance genes had a deleterious effect on the physiology of the resistant insect, insecticide resistance would not be as costly, and the resistant insect would not exhibit a higher rate of biological events than the susceptible strain. From negative bias 24. In addition, mechanisms of inhibition of detoxification enzymes43 and/or the presence of modifying genes44 in insecticide-resistant insects may improve their fitness.
This study showed that the permethrin-resistant strains Perm-R and Perm-F had a shorter lifespan before adulthood, a longer lifespan, a shorter period before oviposition, and fewer days before oviposition compared to the permethrin-sensitive strain Perm- S and a taller egg. productivity and higher survival rate. These values resulted in increased terminal, intrinsic, and net reproductive rates and shorter average generation times for strains Perm-R and Perm-F compared to strain Perm-S. The early occurrence of high peaks and vxj for the Perm-R and Perm-F strains suggests that the populations of these strains will grow faster than the Perm-S strain. Compared to Perm-S strains, Perm-F and Perm-R strains showed low and high levels of permethrin resistance, respectively29,30. The observed adaptations in the biological parameters of permethrin-resistant strains suggest that permethrin resistance is energetically inexpensive and may be absent in the allocation of physiological resources to overcome insecticide resistance and carry out biological activities. Compromise 24.
The biological parameters or fitness costs of insecticide-resistant strains of various insects have been assessed in various studies, but with conflicting results. For example, Abbas et al. 45 studied the effect of laboratory selection of the insecticide imidacloprid on the biological characteristics of houseflies. Imidacloprid resistance imposes adaptation costs on individual strains, negatively affecting housefly fertility, survival at different developmental stages, development time, generation time, biological potential and intrinsic growth rate. Differences in the fitness costs of house flies due to resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and lack of exposure to insecticides have been reported46. Laboratory selection of household bacteria with spinosad also imposes fitness costs on a range of biological events compared to sensitive or unselected strains27. Basit et al24 reported that laboratory selection of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) with acetamiprid resulted in reduced fitness costs. Strains screened for acetamiprid showed higher reproductive rates, internalization rates, and biological potential than laboratory-susceptible strains and untested field strains. Recently, Valmorbida et al. 47 reported that the pyrethroid‐resistant Matsumura aphid provides improved reproductive performance and reduced fitness costs to biotic events.
The improvement in the biological characteristics of permethrin-resistant strains is striking for the success of sustainable housefly management. Certain biological characteristics of house flies, if observed in the field, may lead to the development of permethrin resistance in heavily treated individuals. Permethrin-resistant strains are not cross-resistant to propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad and spinosad-ethyl29,30. In this case, rotating insecticides with different modes of action may be the best option to delay the development of resistance and control house fly outbreaks. Although the data presented here are based on laboratory data, the improvement in the biological characteristics of permethrin-resistant strains is of concern and requires special attention when controlling houseflies in the field. Further understanding of the distribution of areas of permethrin resistance is needed to slow the development of resistance and maintain its effectiveness over longer periods of time.
Post time: Oct-25-2024