Citrus, a plant belonging to the Arantioideae family of the Rutaceae family, is one of the world’s most important cash crops, accounting for a quarter of the world’s total fruit production. There are many types of citrus, including broad-peel citrus, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, lemon and lemon. In more than 140 countries and regions, including China, Brazil and the United States, the planting area of citrus reached 10.5530 million hm2, and the output was 166.3030 million tons. China is the world’s largest citrus production and sales country, in recent years, the planting area and output continue to increase, in 2022, the area of about 3,033,500 hm2, the output of 6,039 million tons. However, China’s citrus industry is large but not strong, and the United States and Brazil and other countries have a big gap.
Citrus is the fruit tree with the most extensive cultivation area and the most important economic status in south China, which has special significance for industrial poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. With the improvement of environmental protection and health awareness and the development of internationalization and informatization of the citrus industry, green and organic citrus is gradually becoming a hot spot for people’s consumption, and the demand for high-quality, diversified and annual balanced supply continues to increase. However, in recent years, China’s citrus industry is affected by natural factors (temperature, precipitation, soil quality), production technology (varieties, cultivation technology, agricultural input) and management mode, and other factors, there are problems such as varieties of good and bad, weak ability to prevent diseases and pests, brand awareness is not strong, management mode is backward and seasonal fruit selling is difficult. In order to promote the green and high-quality development of citrus industry, it is urgent to strengthen the research on variety improvement, principle and technology of weight loss and drug reduction, quality and efficiency improvement. Pesticides play an important role in the production cycle of citrus and directly affect the yield and quality of citrus. In recent years, the selection of pesticides in citrus green production is more challenging due to extreme climate and pests and grasses.
A search in the pesticide registration database of the China Pesticide Information Network found that as of August 24, 2023, there were 3,243 pesticide products registered in effective state on citrus in China. There were 1515 pesticides, accounting for 46.73% of the total number of registered pesticides. There were 684 acaricides, accounting for 21.09%; 537 fungicides, accounting for 16.56%; 475 herbicides, accounting for 14.65%; There were 132 plant growth regulators, accounting for 4.07%. The toxicity of pesticides in our country is divided into 5 levels from high to low: highly toxic, high toxic, medium toxic, low toxic and mild toxic. There were 541 moderately toxic products, accounting for 16.68% of the total registered pesticides. There were 2,494 low-toxicity products, accounting for 76.90% of the total number of registered pesticides. There were 208 mildly toxic products, accounting for 6.41% of the total number of registered pesticides.
1. Registration status of citrus pesticides/acaricides
There are 189 kinds of insecticide active ingredients used in citrus production in China, of which 69 are single-dose active ingredients and 120 are mixed active ingredients. The number of insecticides registered was much higher than other categories, totaling 1,515. Among them, a total of 994 products were registered in a single dose, and the top 5 pesticides were acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), mineral oil (53) and ethozole (51), accounting for 29.70%. A total of 521 products were mixed, and the top 5 pesticides in the registered quantity were actinospirin (52 products), actinospirin (35 products), actinospirin (31 products), actinospirin (31 products) and dihydrazide (28 products), accounting for 11.68%. As can be seen from Table 2, among the 1515 registered products, there are 19 dosage forms, of which the top 3 are emulsion products (653), suspension products (518) and wettable powders (169), accounting for a total of 88.45%.
There are 83 kinds of active ingredients of acaricides used in citrus production, including 24 kinds of single active ingredients and 59 kinds of mixed active ingredients. A total of 684 acaricidal products were registered (second only to insecticides), of which 476 were single agents, as shown in Table 3. The top 4 pesticides in the number of registered pesticides were acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) and phenylbutin (26), accounting for 44.59% in total. A total of 208 products were mixed, and the top 4 pesticides in the registered number were aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral oil (15), and Aviculin · mineral oil (13), accounting for 10.67%. Among the 684 registered products, there were 11 dosage forms, of which the top 3 were emulsion products (330), suspension products (198) and wettable powders (124), accounting for 95.32% in total.
The types and quantities of insecticidal/acaricidal single-dose formulations (except suspended agent, microemulsion, suspended emulsion and aqueous emulsion) were more than mixed ones. There were 18 types of single-dose formulations and 9 types of mixed formulations. There are 11 single-dose and 5 mixed dosage forms of acaricides. The control objects of the mixed insecticides are Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (red spider), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphids), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) and other pests. The main control objects of a single dose are Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (red spider), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), practical flies (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), leaf miners (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), and Longicidae (Longicidae). And other pests. The control objects of registered acaricides are mainly mites of phyllodidae (red spider), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) and so on. From the types of registered pesticides and acaricides are mainly chemical pesticides, 60 and 21 kinds, respectively. There were only 9 species from biological and mineral sources, including neem (2) and matrine (3) from plant and animal sources, and Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) and avermectin (103) from microbial sources. Mineral sources are mineral oil (62), stone sulfur mixture (7), and other categories are sodium rosin (6).
2. Registration of citrus fungicides
There are 117 kinds of active ingredients of fungicide products, 61 kinds of single active ingredients and 56 kinds of mixed active ingredients. There were 537 related fungicide products, of which 406 were single doses. The top 4 registered pesticides were imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) and copper king (19), accounting for 29.24% in total. A total of 131 products were mixed, and the top 4 pesticides registered were Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), and azole · imimine (7), accounting for 7.64% in total. As can be seen from Table 2, there are 18 dosage forms of 537 fungicide products, among which the top 3 types with the largest number are wettable powder (159), suspension product (148) and water-dispersed granule (86), accounting for 73.18% in total. There are 16 single dosage forms of fungicide and 7 mixed dosage forms.
Fungicides control objects are powdery mildew, scab, black spot (black star), gray mold, canker, resin disease, anthrax and storage period diseases (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green mold and acid rot). The fungicides are mainly chemical pesticides, there are 41 kinds of chemical synthetic pesticides, and only 19 kinds of biological and mineral sources are registered, among which the plant and animal sources are berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). The microbial sources were mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). The mineral sources are cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur mixture (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), mineral oil (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Registration of citrus herbicides
There are 20 kinds of herbicide effective ingredients, 14 kinds of single effective ingredients and 6 kinds of mixed effective ingredients. A total of 475 herbicide products were registered, including 467 single agents and 8 mixed agents. As shown in Table 5, the top 5 herbicides registered were glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) and fine glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), accounting for 94.95% in total. As can be seen from Table 2, there are 7 dosage forms of herbicides, of which the first 3 are water products (302), soluble granule products (78) and soluble powder products (69), accounting for 94.53% in total. In terms of species, all 20 herbicides were chemically synthesized, and no biological products were registered.
4. Registration of citrus growth regulators
There are 35 kinds of active ingredients of plant growth regulators, including 19 kinds of single agents and 16 kinds of mixed agents. There are 132 plant growth regulator products in total, of which 100 are single dose. As shown in Table 6, the top 5 registered citrus growth regulators were gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) and S-inducidin (5), accounting for 59.85% in total. A total of 32 products were mixed, and the top 3 registered products were benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) and 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), accounting for 10.61% in total. As can be seen from Table 2, there are a total of 13 dosage forms of plant growth regulators, among which the top 3 are solubilizable products (52), cream products (19) and soluble powder products (13), accounting for 63.64% in total. The functions of plant growth regulators are mainly to regulate growth, control shoot, preserve fruit, promote fruit growth, expansion, coloring, increase production and preservation. According to the registered species, the main plant growth regulators were chemical synthesis, with a total of 14 species, and only 5 species of biological sources, among which the microbial sources were S-allantoin (5), and the biochemical products were gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) and brassinolactone (1).
4. Registration of citrus growth regulators
There are 35 kinds of active ingredients of plant growth regulators, including 19 kinds of single agents and 16 kinds of mixed agents. There are 132 plant growth regulator products in total, of which 100 are single dose. As shown in Table 6, the top 5 registered citrus growth regulators were gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) and S-inducidin (5), accounting for 59.85% in total. A total of 32 products were mixed, and the top 3 registered products were benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) and 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), accounting for 10.61% in total. As can be seen from Table 2, there are a total of 13 dosage forms of plant growth regulators, among which the top 3 are solubilizable products (52), cream products (19) and soluble powder products (13), accounting for 63.64% in total. The functions of plant growth regulators are mainly to regulate growth, control shoot, preserve fruit, promote fruit growth, expansion, coloring, increase production and preservation. According to the registered species, the main plant growth regulators were chemical synthesis, with a total of 14 species, and only 5 species of biological sources, among which the microbial sources were S-allantoin (5), and the biochemical products were gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) and brassinolactone (1).
Post time: Jun-24-2024